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| The Hydrogen News # 25 |
| 12.23.04 (8:07 pm) |
The Hydrogen News # 25
In this issue:
(1) Win a NEW Prius! (Story #1)
(2) Download FREE Clean Energy software. (Story #2)
(3) Learn the secrets of H2SO4 electrolysis. (My story)
(4) Bid on a complete waste to energy system from Dove Auctions (Story #41)
(5) Help raise venture capital for your product or your favorite green energy company. (Story #42)
(6) A progress update from Stef Kling (I interviewed him in previous edition). (Story # 43)
(7) An automotive supplier, is seeking proposals for fuel reformers for integration in on-board vehicle applications. (Story #44)
-------------Notice------ ------------------------- ------------------------- ----------------
The Hydrogen News is a free publication but if anyone would like to
slip a couple of bucks my way to help with buying equipment to
further my research I would appreciate it. I now have a Pay-Pal
"Donate" button on my blog and my website for this purpose.
Blog: http:enki.tblog.com
Website: http://www.geocities.com/mj_1...
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Understanding The H2SO4 Electrolysis Reaction
By Mike Johnston
Copyright 2004
In the last issue of The Hydrogen News (#24) I reproduced an email dialogue between myself and the Editor of a hydrogen energy magazine. In it I offered to write an article for his magazine. His reply was a bit highbrow and slightly dismissive (in my opinion). In response I explained to him two very simple ways to produce "free" hydrogen (there are more). To date he has not written back to either congratulate or condemn me. You get used to it after a while (sigh).
To further illustrate what I mean let me describe a second conversation from that same time period. In that one I had initiated an email dialogue with a credentialed scientist who works in the hydrogen energy field. I contacted him and offered to share data because I wanted to explore the credentialed scientist audience. I like to get an idea of the kind of reception I am going to get and that seems like a good way to do it. In this case, the exchange was pretty instructive. After said scientist had read some of my ideas he wrote back and essentially said the following; " I used to be like you in my younger days but after a while you realize that the only way to get ahead is to do research that fits within the 'accepted' paradigm of the establishment. Keep up the good work."
I am beginning to think that there are certain areas of research that you just don't do. I mean, you can do it if you want but if you do you won't get published or get any funding and so why bother. The money people have established a course for our race to follow which benefits them financially and they aren't going to willingly participate in the research and development of alternative technologies that have the potential to compete directly with their big money maker which is transportation fuels. Unless of course such research has weapons potential. In that case though your research will never see the light of day either. That is why they will participate in solar or wind power development ( they don't see them as a threat anymore) but not so much in alternative energy for vehicles or even in fuel saving technologies until they are forced to and even then they go kicking and screaming all the way. I know that sounds a bit like a "conspiracy theory" but like it or not that is just the way it is. Look at hydrocarbon reformers as one related example. As I outlined in a previous H2 News the process uses two substances; water and a hydrocarbon. The hydrocarbon is what we think of as the "fuel" or "energy source" in most situations but if you combine that fuel with water (under the right conditions) you end up with up to 50% more hydrogen fuel than you would have had if using just the hydrocarbon. Where does this "extra" hydrogen fuel come from? From the only source present; the water. Suddenly we have to look at water in different terms. Aparrently I was right about reformers being the ideal bridge technology between the hydrocarbon and hydrogen economies as the auto makers are now soliciting for designs to produce (see related story this issue).
But enough of that, this week I want to outline my ideas on improving the efficiency of the electrolysis reaction in a little more detail. I will focus on the electrolysis of water using H2SO4 as the electrolyte because I have done the experiment described and can vouch for the results of it. But don't forget there are like 100 different electrolytes which can be combined to form like 1000 or 10,000 (I forget which) different electrolytic compounds and the concept I describe can be tried with all of them. H2SO4, like NaOH is easily obtained and easy to work with for anyone who might want to do some experimenting of their own (with proper safety precautions). This line of reasoning stems directly from the concepts of "free" hydrogen production that I outlined in the last issue of this publication. I wanted to go into them in a little more detail though because I know that the concept of using H2 fuel to produce H2 fuel and actually being able to end up with more H2 being produced than was invested to cause the production just seems to fly against so many laws of physics (but it really doesn't). The data I present is in a somewhat "raw" form but I think that I can provide enough information so that anyone can understand the core concepts involved with enough clarity to be able to reproduce the effects experimentally for themselves and so verify the claims I make.
The production of H2 from water by electrolysis requires that a potential difference be created between the metal of the anode of the cell and the negative ion(s) present in the solution. This is to pull the "extra" electrons away from the negatively charged ion. At the cathode H2 is released by supplying "free" electrons to the positive ions present. If the positive ions are hydrogen ions (H+) then these ions exert an electrostatic attraction for these free electrons of +.44 volts. Every negative ion has a different oxidation potential or amount of energy required to pull the extra electrons away from it. This is basic chemistry. The fact that the electrolysis reaction starts at the anode and not the cathode of the cell is a concept that I advanced after observing the electrolysis reaction in cold electrolytic solutions. In such solutions the speed with which ions travel across the cell is reduced and it is easier to watch the stages of the reaction develop.
First off let's review the experiment that I did in which a 6 volt dry cell battery produced enough energy to power 6 H2SO4/H2O electrolysis cells (while the batteries themselves are also producing hydrogen at the same time). People cite various voltages (1.23v, 1.46v, etc.) as being the "minimum" voltage required to cause the electrolysis of water. In this case the voltage/voltage drop that was maintained between the electrodes of the electrolysis cells was an average of .93 volts per cell. This seems strange at first if you accept that the minimum voltage is -1.23 volts. But, as you will see, this is simply not the case in every situation. It is the expected result according to accepted scientific principles. You just aren't taught to look at it this way. Why not? I don't know, plug in any reason you want, the fact is you aren't taught it this way.
The electrolysis of water reaction looks like this:
2H2O ---- 2H2(g) + O2(g)
The individual reactions are like this:
Anode: 2H2O---- 2H+ + 2OH- + 2e-
Then 2OH- ----- 2H+ + O2(g) + 2e-
Cathode: 4H+ + 4e- ---- 2H2(g)
For example, 1.23 volts is the potential difference that must be maintained between the electrodes of a cell in order to electrolyze pure water. It is the amount of electrostatic charge which must be created between the metal of the anode and the negatively charged OH- ions in the water. It is the amount of electrostatic force with which the oxygen atom holds onto the hydrogen protons that make up the rest of the water molecule. Of course the number of water molecules which are actually disassociated (separated) into H+ and OH- ions is so small that water acts as an insulator making the electrolysis of pure water difficult at best. That is why regenerative fuel cells use platinum electrodes. Platinum is a catalyst which serves to speed up the rate at which the electrolysis reaction occurs in water and this enables worthwhile amounts of hydrogen to be produced from pure water without the addition of an electrolyte.
If, as in the case of pure water, there are two oppositely charged ions present in the electrolysis cell you can find the amount of energy that is either released by their interaction with each other or the amount of energy that is needed to cause the interaction to happen. As I said previously the amount of electrostatic force required to pull electrons away from the OH- ion is -1.23 volts. If you measure the potential difference between the plates of an H2/O2 fuel cell (no load) you will see that a potential difference of 1.23 volts exists and so confirms this voltage as being that necessary to cause the separation of electrons from the OH- ion (that being the other half of the combination reaction).
Once the extra electrons are pulled away from the OH- ion in such an electrolysis cell the electrons enter the metal portion of the electrolysis circuit. Once in the metal portion of the circuit the attractive force of the H+ ions at the cathode comes into play. This attractive force is +.43 volts. This is the reason that a fuel cell's voltage is measured at 1.23 volts no load and .8 volts under load. In the situation of the fuel cell the oxygen has enough attractive force to pull the electrons away from the hydrogen
( +1.23v -.43v = .8v ).
What about when there are more than two types of ions in the solution though? In the case of an electrolysis cell with sulfuric acid added there are three ions present H+ ions from the sulfuric acid and the water and OH- ions from the water and SO4-- ions from the sulfuric acid. If the concentration of sulfuric acid in the water is less than 30% the sulfuric is thought to be 100% disassociated into H+ and SO4-- ions. The water, remember, is no more disassociated in this situation than it was in it's pure state. Since disassociated ions are the vehicles which allow the transfer of electrical charge and the electrolysis process then it follows logic to assume that the ion species which is disassociated in the solution is the one which is actually being separated. So then, in the case of water with H2SO4 added it is the SO4-- ions which are being oxidized and the H+ ions which are being reduced.
Reactions Involved:
Oxidation: 2SO4-- --- 2SO3 + O2(g) + 4e-
Reduction: 4H+ + 4e- - 2H2(g)
E = .93 V
This is all well and good you say, but what happens when you run out of SO4-- ions to electrolyze? Either you have to add more SO4-- ions or perhaps something else is taking place. Let's look at the oxidation of SO4-- and see what happens. If we pull the extra electrons away from the SO4-- ion we also through this process cause the ion to give up one oxygen atom and are left with SO3. H2SO4 is produced by adding SO3 to pure H2SO4 since it doesn't mix with water very well (it tends to form a fog of H2SO4). The above reaction shows what is thought to happen. The electrolysis of H2SO4 can produce many byproducts like S2O4 etc. But the .93 volt level is maintained so the above reaction is enough to work with. To better illustrate my point though I want to look at a similar reaction which is simpler to understand.
In this example let's look at H2SO3 (Sulfurous Acid) If SO2 is mixed with water it dissolves to form H2SO3. It does this by grabbing onto and holding the oxygen atom of one water molecule. In other words it splits the water molecule for us into H+ and O-- ions (the O-- ion is attached to the sulfur atom) Since H2SO3 is 100% disassociated in water the H2O molecule must then be thought of as being totally disassociated by it's bonding to the SO2 molecule. So if we electrolyze the resulting H2SO3 it follows that once we pull one oxygen atom away from the SO3-- ion the resulting SO2 molecule will proceed to form H2SO3 again by combining with a nearby H2O molecule, forming H2SO3 again and releasing the hydrogen ions that are held by the water molecule in the process. So it is the SO2 molecule that is splitting the water for us and all we are left with is splitting the SO3-- ion which requires less energy than splitting the water alone does. Why is this? The Sulfur atom has 6 electrons in it's 3rd shell (valence shell) and it is this shell to which other atoms bond. Oxygen has 6 electrons in it's 2nd shell (valence) and hydrogen has one electron in it's first (only) shell. To move electrons from one shell to another releases energy as is seen when oxygen combines with hydrogen. Different elements create bonds of different energy levels with each other. The bond between oxygen and sulfur will be of a different energy than the bond between oxygen and hydrogen on hydrogen and sulfur and require different amounts of energy to break.
The oxidation potential of the reaction SO2 + H2O --- H2SO3 [2H+ + SO3--] is .11 volt. The SO2 has been dissolved in water and has grabbed hold of the oxygen atom in a water molecule to create SO3-- and two H+ ions. The H+ ions are transferred to nearby water molecules to form H3O molecules because the oxygen atom that they were sticking to now has less of a hold on them as it has to expend some of it's electrostatic charge in holding onto the sulfur atom as well. This is very important in the reactions that are possible and the energy that is involved in each. The energy of the next step in the overall reaction; H+ + 2e- = H2(g), is listed at 0 volts but as I said the H+ ion actually has a .44 volt attraction for electrons. The importance of this will be shown later in this paper. Since the oxidation potential for the SO2 + H2O --- H2SO3 reaction is .11 volts then it follows that the reverse of that reaction would be 2SO3 -- 2SO2 + O2(g) + 2e- and that separation should require -.11 volts of electrostatic force to achieve. I haven't gotten to this level yet but will be attempting more experiments along this line soon.
Why is the reduction of the voltage necessary to achieve electrolysis important though? Because the less voltage that has to be created/supplied in order to achieve the production of H2 the less overall energy that is used.One interesting thing to consider here is the reactions involved when we have multiple cells in series. In that case the electrode that serves as the anode of the first cell is the cathode of the next cell and so on. Kind of like this ---I H+ H2O H2O H2O SO3-- I H+ H2O H2O H2O SO3-- I--- where the I's represent the electrodes and the ions are shown between them with the negative ions at the anode and the positive ions at the cathode where they have been drawn by the electrostatic field through the cell and the charge on the electrodes and chains of water molecules link the two. If you look at the center electrode which separates the two cells diagramed you see SO3-- ions on one side of the electrode and H+ ions on the other side. In this case looking at the electrostatic charges of both of these ions we see SO3-- at -.11 volts and H+ at +.44 volts. In that situation the H+ ions should have enough electrostatic attraction to pull the extra electrons away from the SO3-- ions without any outside energy. But the electrostatic force/field that is required to get the oppositely charged ions to the opposing electrodes must still be provided.
Is it really possible to create a situation in which we can separate water molecules and release H2 gas while actually not having to supply energy other than that required to align the ions in the solution or to actually GAIN energy through the process? It does make for an interesting possibility doesn't it? How about if we run the reaction a different way just to see what happens:
Oxidation (Anode) Half Reaction:
SO3-- + 2 OH- ----- SO4- + H2O + 2e-
E= +.93 volts
Reduction (Cathode) Half Reaction:
2H2O + 2e- ---- H2(g) + 2OH-
E= -.8277 volts
Overall Cell Voltage: E=+ 0.1023 Volts.
This reaction will proceed spontaneously with a 0.1023 volt GAIN in energy as well as releasing H2 fuel as a byproduct of the reaction. Notice there is no O2 being produced here though. Also the SO3 is being turned into SO4 rather than SO2 but it illustrates the point. But what to do with the SO4? Maybe there is a reaction involving SO4 which could also happen at the power level involved here? Since sulfuric acid only disassociates one proton (hydrogen ion) very willingly perhaps this reaction would be more accurate:
Oxidation (Anode) Half Reaction:
2H2SO4- + 4H2O ----- 4H2SO3 + 2H+ + 4e-
E= +0.056 volts
Reduction (Cathode) Half Reaction:
2H+ + 2e- ----- 2H2(g)
E= 0 volts
Overall Cell Voltage: +0.056 volts
Or how about we write up what would be the "preferred" reaction? That would consist of several steps. The first step would be to add SO2 to water which would give us H2SO3.
(1) Initial Reaction: 2SO2 + 2H2O --- 2H2SO3 [4H+ + 2SO3-- ]
(2) Anode Reaction: 2SO3-- --- 2SO2 + O2(g) + 4e-
(3) Cathode Reaction: 4H+ + 4e- --- 2H2(g)
(4) Repeat step #1 (spontaneous)
(Note) The ideal anode reaction may be seen as the production of SO2(g) which is then dissolved into the water in the cell again to form H2SO3.
Even though all of these steps are taking place the ionic components of the reaction that are present at the beginning of electrolysis ( H+ and SO3-- ) are also present at the end of the reaction and so water is the only thing in the cell that is being consumed. For those reasons the "correct" way to write the above reaction would be:
2H2O --- 2H2(g) + O2(g) The electrolysis of water. But obviously this is not the same as the electrolysis of pure water, it is the shorthand notation for a whole different set of reactions which end up producing the same products. Misunderstanding this is the main reason why many people believe that the voltage requirement for the electrolysis of water is the same no matter what electrolyte is used but it also shows why those people are wrong.
At any rate, an electrochemist turned high school teacher/farmer wrote me a note a while back and claimed he had the reaction down to .11 volts per cell. Was that true? I don't know, I haven't gotten it that low yet. The trick is to limit the voltage available to the cell in order to force the reactions to happen that you want to have happen. If, for example, you use 3 electrolysis cells with a 6 volt power source (assume a 1 amp current in these examples) the voltage drop across each cell will be 2 volts (2 watts of power used). If there are ions within the cell which can transport charge at that power level then electrolysis will occur at that power level. If you power 6 electrolysis cells with a 6 volt power source the available voltage in each cell will be around 1 volt ( one watt used). If there are ions present which will transport a charge at that power level electrolysis will occur. If you power 54 electrolysis cells with a 6 volt source the voltage across each cell will be around .11 volts (.11 watt used). If there are ions in the cells which can transport charge at that power level then electrolysis will occur. The trick is to be electrolyzing the ions which are formed when an electrolyte is added to water which splits the water molecule to form it's resulting ions and not the water molecules themselves or the OH- ion which is "half" of a water molecule (as is formed when sodium is added to water). That way the only thing used up in the reaction is the water.
What is this worth though in terms of hydrogen produced? If we take the numbers of cells above and assign some random numbers we can get an idea. Lets assume that in each case above the cells are passing a current of one amp through the series of cells. To find the amount of H2 being produced in each setup we will use Faraday's formula: M=.0000105 x a x t ("t" will equal one second in the following examples and "a" one amp):
With 3 cells that is 0.0000105 gm/sec per cell or .0000315 gm/sec total or .00189 gm/min or .1134 gm/hr
With 6 cells that is 0.0000105 gm/sec per cell or .000063 gm/sec total or .00378 gm/min or .2268 gm/hr
With 54 cells that is 0.0000105 gm/sec per cell or .000567 gm/sec total or .03402 gm/min or 2.0412 gm/hr
Quite a difference, isn't there? That is with only one electrolyte in just a few of it's possible reactions, remember that there are many more.
I realize that this is pretty fundamental stuff but I think that it will be hard to make any meaningful progress in the development of the hydrogen economy until we break down and include these fundamentals within our conceptual framework. In the next several issues I plan to detour away from the basics and look at some larger scale production possibilities.It took me quite a while to write this piece and it is still not exactly the way I want it. I apologize for that but will have to hope that it does someone some good and that all of the useful news and other links in this edition will make up for the incomplete nature of this story. In closing and to further illustrate this concept I would like to refer to two scientific papers. The first is from NASA and deals with the electrolysis of Methanol (remember that Methanol can be produced from water and Carbon). The cathode product of this electrolysis is H2(g) and the anode is CO2(g). The voltage required to carry out this electrolysis is theoretically .2 volts but in practice is .3 volts. This of course means that a single hydrogen fuel cell could power two or three of these electrolysis cells and produce enough H2 fuel for it's own requirements plus an equal amount of surplus H2 fuel. This is a real world validation of my claim that you can use hydrogen fuel to produce hydrogen fuel and it SHOULD shake up the whole hydrogen community. We'll see. You can find the paper which describes this process as a .pdf document by doing a google search on it's title and Authors:
MAKING HYDROGEN BY ELECTROLYSIS OF METHANOL
By: Barbara Jeffries-Nakamura
Sekharipuram R Narayanan
Thomas I Valdez
William Chun
The chemical reactions involved look like this: "An aqueous solution of methanol is circulated past the anode, where methanol and water undergo the reaction
CH3OH + H2O -- CO2 + 6H+ + 6e- The hydrogen ions pass through the membrane to the cathode, where they are reduced to hydrogen molecules in the reaction
6H+ + 6e- -- 3H2 Thus, the net reaction in the cell is CH3OH -- CO2 + 3H2 with carbon dioxide liberated on the anode side and hydrogen liberated on the
cathode side."
The next paper is a more mechanical approach to reducing cell voltage:
Intensification of Water Electrolysis in a Centrifugal Field
H. Cheng, K. Scott,*,z and C. Ramshaw
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 149 ~11! D172-D177 ~2002!
0013-4651/2002/149~11!/D1 72/6/$7.00 © The Electrochemical Society, Inc.
"The intensification of the production of hydrogen and oxygen, i.e., water electrolysis, was achieved in a centrifugal acceleration field. This was demonstrated by measuring the cell voltage and the electrode potentials for cells operated with and without centrifugal fields, as a function of current density. Under industrial electrolysis conditions, greater reductions in cell voltage and in electrode potentials were achieved at a relative acceleration rate of 190 G compared to those in stationary conditions. The
relationships between the cell performance and relative acceleration rate, applied G value, for different anode materials, temperature, and NaCl concentration are reported. The data is obtained in acid, neutral, and highly alkaline electrolyte solutions using linear sweep voltammetry, galvanostatic, and potentiostatic polarization techniques. A cell voltage reduction of up to 700 mV, an anode potential reduction of up to 500 mV, and a cathode potential reduction of up to 350 mV at 3 kA m22 are achieved at a
relative acceleration rate of 190 G and 80°C, compared to those in stationary conditions. The saving in cell voltage, and thus energy consumption, are significantly larger than the small amount of energy required to rotate the cells."
END
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(3) Clinton says clean-energy backers should quit whining and get to work
http://grist.org/cgi-bin/forw...
At a symposium at New York University, Clinton chided supporters of renewable energy for "bellyaching and whining" about political barriers, arguing that "it's time to
stop worrying about whether the current administration will change its mind" on renewable energy and get to work building a movement that does not rely on Bush's
support.
( Whining?! Humph! MJ, for one, does NOT whine. Bitches a lot perhaps but no whining. ED.)
(4) On the Wings of a Beetle: ~60+ mpg
http://www.greencarcongress.c...
The story is further evidence that there are numerous different and incremental approaches to reducing fuel consumption that, when aggregated in a vehicle, can provide
substantive benefit. I’d say a 12% increase is pretty good. Not everyone can design and install their own drag reducer. But low rolling-resistance tires are definitely an
option.
( 'gonna fly like a Beetle, to the sea, fly like a Beetle, let my spirit carry me......hehehe ED.)
(5) 'GREEN' startups draw investors
http://www.sacbee.com/content...
( I wonder if there is a place for garage researchers in this economic boom? Hey, it worked for Nirvana. Maybe "Grunge Science" will catch on? Mental Note: Do NOT
marry Courtney Love. ED.)
(6) Thank CEO Bill Ford for first step with hybrids, urge him to do more
TAKE ACTION! Two clicks to send a note to Bill Ford, Ford Motor Company's CEO - http://www.newdream.org/make/...
When shopping for a car, which do you think is more patriotic?
A) An inefficient guzzler "Made in the USA."
B) An efficient foreign car that lessens our dependence on oil and therefore benefits the U.S. economy, environment, and security.
C) Neither. If consumers want to "buy American," then American automakers should do their part and make efficient vehicles that don't require a lot of gas!
At least one person in Detroit says he wants to "pick C." The current issue of Newsweek describes how CEO Bill Ford stood up to hybrid skeptics within his company
and ushered the Escape to market. Ford Motor Company thus became the first and only U.S. automaker to integrate advanced hybrid technology into their automotive
fleet.
( I love sending these pre-prepared notes to the movers and shakers of the world. :-) Sometimes they send me pre-prepared responses to them. ED.)
********************Donat ions to a good cause?******************* ************************* ************************* **
The holiday season is here, and we have much to celebrate. In 2004, with your help, the Apollo Alliance accomplished great things.
Together, we
· shaped the message of the presidential campaign,
· fought back a dangerous energy plan,
· worked in 25 states to strengthen our coalition,
· enlisted our nation's governors in the fight for clean energy,
· and we released a landmark study demonstrating that freeing ourselves from dependence on oil and reducing pollution can be a major source of jobs and growth.
Yet we must continue to plan for serious challenges in the coming year.
Please consider supporting the Apollo Alliance: http://action.apolloalliance....
************************* ************************* ************************* ************************* **********************
(7) Ten Percent of Bird Species to Disappear, Study Concludes
http://www.enn.com/today.html...
Ten percent of all bird species are set to disappear by the end of this century -- and with them the services they provide such as cleaning up carcasses and spreading
seeds, U.S. researchers said Monday.
( That sucks. Who gave us the right? Huh? I mean really. I LIKE birds and animals. Even repugnant, slimy, dangerous animals (ok, no mother in law jokes). Who will
clean up the carcasses without them? Oh, never mind, we still have plenty of Lawyers to take care of the carcasses and as long as the average human male exists
"seed spreading" shouldn't be too big of a problem.. ED.)
(8) From Tobacco to Soy for Biodiesel
http://www.greencarcongress.c...
Repurposing tobacco farms to soy for biodiesel seems like a good idea. The Southeast is pretty wide open—apparently the only current major producer is in Florida.
(9) Rail in line for new age of 'steam'
http://observer.guardian.co.u...,6903,1371992,00.html
Engineers have seen the future of rail - and it's the 'steam' train. With infrastructure costs crippling the industry, oil prices higher than ever and cars overtaking trains in
cutting pollution, experts are looking at a new way of running railways.
( Boy, "back to the future", eh? Could be a good use for my H2 Boiler and/or Boiling Cell technologies. I will have to look into this. ED.)
(10) WAL-MART to give hydrogen fuel cells a lift
http://www.fuelcellsworks.com...
The logistics subsidiary of Wal-Mart Stores Inc will participate in its next set of field trials designed to test Cellex's hydrogen fuel cell products.
( Wal-Mart? I suppose that is good...somehow. ED.)
(11) Fuel Cells in the Deep Freeze
http://www.nytimes.com/2004/1...
Until recently, the cold-weather performance of fuel cells was a work in progress. But now carmakers are testing hydrogen cars in states where winters can be hard.
(12) AEC Hires Experchem Laboratories Inc. for Independent Laboratory Testing
http://biz.yahoo.com/bw/04112...
Today, Alternate Energy Corp. announced it has hired Experchem Laboratories Inc., a local, government-accredited laboratory to conduct specific third party testing of
its hydrogen production technology.
(13) Booming China Awash in "Out Of Control" Acid Rain
http://www.planetark.com/dail...
( Is that a surprise? So were we at the height of our Industrial Revolution when the Robber Baron's owned our souls. ED.)
(14) Dow and GM Launch Phase II of World's Largest Industrial Fuel Cell Program
http://www.theautochannel.com...
The Dow Chemical Company and General Motors Corp., today launched the second phase of their joint project to prove the viability of hydrogen fuel cells for motor
vehicles and possibly for distributed power generation.
(15) Breaking In Is Hard To Do
http://www.greencarcongress.c...
Still, transportation is a very tempting market, especially if the AEC technology can actually produce the hydrogen in sufficient volume. In June, AEC announced that it,
in partnership with Feel Good Cars (another startup), would produced a serial hybrid version of Feel Good’s electric neighborhood car using a hydrogen-fueled internal
combustion engine as the generator with an on-board AEC system providing the hydrogen.
( More on AEC: the company, from story# 12 [above] Another car that produces it's own fuel on the fly? My, my, my. Have to look into this one. ED.)
(16) HYDROGEN Generated by Antarctic Winds
http://www.renewableenergyacc...
Antarctic Winds are now harnessed by wind turbines that supply remote power to an Australian research facility, which is developing methods for on-site hydrogen
production.
( They could also use an antenna and some electronics and not have to depend on the wind. Ooops, better not say too much about that just yet...Ed.)
(17) STARTECH Environmental's Plasma Converter System
http://www.mysan.de/internati...
This clean synthesis gas mixture rich in hydrogen can be used to make electricity, produce fresh water, heat and cool buildings and power vehicles.
(18) Software company Hyperion offers employees money for fuel-efficient cars
http://grist.org/cgi-bin/forw...
California software company Hyperion is getting quite a bit of positive press for offering its employees $5,000 toward the purchase of a fuel-efficient car, and we're happy
to jump on the bandwagon.
(19) Honda ranked as greenest automaker
http://grist.org/cgi-bin/forw...
Of the six largest automakers selling vehicles in the U.S., Honda is the greenest, according to a new report from the Union of Concerned Scientists.
(20) Europe and Japan in heated clash over fusion reactor
http://www.guardian.co.uk/ren...,2763,1372010,00.html
A battle has broken out over plans to build a reactor that could harness 'fusion power' for humanity.
( This is fusion the hard way. More attention should be paid to low energy fusion reactions. But that would enable very small reactors...Ed.)
(21) H2 Fuel Systems Firm Acquires Design and Assembly Company
http://www.greencarcongress.c...
If this works, (as in, viable company, good products, growing revenue) it will give the development of hydrogen ICE and fuel cell vehicles a boost. It won’t hurt to have
another strong designer and low-volume assembler focused on alternative platforms.
(22) Plants May Point Way to Clean Hydrogen Fuel
http://www.sciam.com/article....
Plants have a skill that scientists envy: the ability to split water into hydrogen and oxygen through photosynthesis. Performing this task on an industrial scale could
open up a novel avenue to producing clean hydrogen fuel.
( If this can involve hemp in any way I see a surge in the number of people doing hydrogen research in the well lighted basements and closets of America. ED.)
(23) Sulphur Fumes Impair Memory, Snail Study Suggests
http://www.sciam.com/article....
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is notorious for its odor of rotten eggs. New research indicates that the chemical could have a more insidious side, however.
( I'm sorry, this isn't really relevent but I couldn't help including it. This is real science: smelling farts makes you stupid. hehehehehehe Oh the mental pictures that
tidbit of knowledge conjures up! hehehehehe ED.)
(24) Chinese Conglomerate to Acquire Montana-based Biofuels Firm
http://www.greencarcongress.c...
YaSheng Group, a Chinese $1.5 billion hi-tech agriculture, salt chemistry and biotech conglomerate, has signed a letter of intent to acquire 80% of Montana-based
biofuels firm Sustainable Systems, LLC. Sustainable will become a division of YaSheng and continue its focus on developing biorefineries and continue to research,
develop and commercialize bio-based fuels, lubricants, specialty chemicals and other bio-based products.
( The Japanese and the Saudi's already own half of the US. I guess China gets the other half. ED.)
(25) Tokyo Uni Develops New Pure Hydrogen Making Procedure
http://au.news.yahoo.com/0412...
A new technology that produces pure hydrogen for fuel cells at a lower cost than the conventional method has been developed by a research group headed by the
Tokyo Institute of Technology's Professor Kiyoshi Otsuka. The pure hydrogen can be produced out of organic materials such as wood chips and wastepaper, which will
likely cut down on waste disposal.
( Wood gas? Not exactly new, is it? Perhaps their production unit is new. ED.)
(26) Calpine, GE Plan Advanced Gas-Fired Power Plant
http://www.planetark.com/dail...
(27) ic Wales - Hydrogen - the gas of tomorrow
http://icwales.icnetwork.co.u...
WALES has an historic opportunity to regain its reputation as one of the world's great natural energy powerhouses, experts claimed yesterday. A team of researchers
at the University of Glamorgan have spent two years researching the potential of hydrogen to transform the Welsh economy.
(28) Vancouver's NRC Institute for Fuel Cell Innovation Showcases Renewable Hydrogen Generation System
http://www.bctechnology.com/s...
Researchers at the National Research Council Institute for Fuel Cell Innovation (NRC-IFCI) today unveiled a solar powered hydrogen generation system.
( Now couple that with a fuel cell stack to power your home and an H2 fueled car and you have achieved true freedom from your lifelong energy debt. ED.)
(29) Hydrogen, the new fuel Zen?
http://timesofindia.indiatime...
At one-third the cost of petrol, easy-to-make and low-pollution hydrogen fuel could soon be Delhi's driving and cooking force.
(30) India's Oil Reserves May Last Only Until 2016
http://www.greencarcongress.c...
At the current rate of production, India’s discovered oil reserves are expected to last only until 2016 if no new discovery is made, according to Petroleum Minister Mani
Shankar Aiyar.
(31) Hydrogen-fuel car crafted in Korea
http://joongangdaily.joins.co...
(32) India ; Research on to develop hydrogen, fuel cell technology
http://www.keralanext.com/new...
(33) Pumped up on biodiesel
http://www.montereyherald.com...
While Gov. Schwarzenegger pursues plans for space-age hydrogen fueling stations along state freeways, a growing number of Monterey drivers are taking a more low-
tech route to alternative energy vehicles. They're buying diesel-engine cars and filling the tanks with biodiesel made from vegetable oil.
( Arnold is the most high profile person advocating H2 energy and yet everybody rags on him. People are hard to understand. ED.)
(34) The Energy Challenge 2004 - Hydrogen
http://www.energycentral.com/...
(35) Renewable Energy - The Next Opportunity for Silicon Valley
http://www.oreillynet.com/lpt...
There are striking parallels between the renewable energy industry today and the personal computing... O'Reilly Network
( I said this too a while back. Now if I could just make some frigging money out of it all I might be a genius. Hasn't happened yet though. ED)
(36) Dimethyl Ether Buses in Shanghai
http://www.greencarcongress.c...
DME is a clean-burning (completely sootless) synthetic fuel that can substitute for conventional diesel, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or be reformed into hydrogen for
fuel cells. As a diesel fuel replacement it reduces NOx emissions 90% and features high cetane.
(37) Farmers switching to solar energy
http://www.signonsandiego.com...
It must give off quite a glare from overhead. "This sunshine is creating money if you just use it,"...
( Convert 1000 acres into solar panels and start a mushroom/earthworm farm under the panels. Hey, there's a concept! ED.)
(38) Venture capitalists start investing in clean technology companies
http://www.duluthsuperior.com...
Local companies that have pulled in money during the past year include WindLogics,...
( Yo, fellas, here I am...over here...hey!....Shit, they never notice me. I'm the cheerleader's ugly sister at the dance. (metaphorically) ED.)
(39) Bugs ravage North American forests
http://www.newscientist.com/n...
Insects whose populations are booming because of local warming - possibly due to global warming -... New Scientist
( Great, Fear Factor comes to your neighborhood. ED.)
(40) Japan, China, S. Korea Agree to Cooperate in Fighting Global Warming
http://www.inform.kz/showarti...
( And Russia, and Europe and Africa. Everybody but the US. Is there something wrong with this picture? ED.)
(41) Waste Management Auction of a Complete Waste-to-Energy Facility
http://www.emaildirectsite.co...:80/CT00306203MzUwMAAA.HTML
DoveBid, Inc., a global provider of capital asset auction and valuation services, will be conducting an Online auction of a Complete Waste-to-Energy
Facility featuring, Turbine Generator, Auxiliary Burners, Power Distribution, Material Handling & Support Equipment. Assets are no longer required by
WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC. Place your bids from the comfort of your computer.
Download a color brochure! : http://www.emaildirectsite.co...:80/CT00306205MzUwMAAA.HTML
Featured Items Include:
* Ansaldo Turbine Generator
* PQS Smart Switch Advanced Static VAR Compensation System
* Detroit Stoker Auxiliary Burners
* Power Switchboard
* Power Switchgear
* Transformers
* And much more!
(42) Call for Companies to Present to our Investor Audience at Cleantech Venture Forum VI
http://www.cleantechventure.c...
For more information on the event before applying, please visit our website. If you would like to nominate a Clean technology, product, or service company:
Send an email to Lauren@cleantechventure.com, or phone her directly at (517) 223-9612. Please include the company name and contact information.
( AHEM!....nudge, nudge..ED.)
(43) December 2004 - Water Car project update
http://www.earth2012.org
More press coverage in November: the BBC Top Gear program featured an article on their website and the Scottish Evening Times published an article as well. You
can find both articles in our "in the press" section on our website. We also had press coverage in Brazil and Turkey. This publicity has helped to raise the number of
visitors to our website to more than 9000, but donations hardly increased.
It was always clear that in order to fund the project with donations we would need a well known partner to increase the credibility and widen our audience. Although we
have been making progress in this area we are still some time away from signing an agreement. The organisation we are talking to needs solid proof before they can
commit their name to this project, but here we are getting into a catch 22 situation as we need funding to deliver that proof. We are now considering what is the best
way forward, and may consider setting up an investment construction. More news on this in the new year.
(I would encourage anyone who is considering making a contribution to this effort or who is thinking about doing a news story on it to first read my interview with Mr.
Kling in the H2 News archives. ED.)
(44) Hydrocarbon Fuel Reformers for CPOx and Endothermic Applications -
http://postsnet.com/r.html?c=...%3a%2f%2fwww%2eninesigma% 2ecom%2fmx%2f50077%2d1%2f rfp%2ehtml&g=0&f=85721711
An automotive supplier, is seeking proposals for fuel reformers for integration in on-board vehicle applications. Both catalytic partial oxidation (CPOx) and endothermic
reformer designs are of interest for a variety of applications. For more information click the above link.
( Told ya so. ED.)
Notice: For information on advertising rates or to make suggestions email me at: enki@chilitech.net All original material in this newsletter is assumed to be
copyrighted by the source from which it originates. My stories are also copyrighted from the date they are published. They may be reproduced and/or quoted freely
as long as I am credited as the writer.
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3 Comments
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| The Hydrogen News # 25 |
| 12.23.04 (8:06 pm) |
The Hydrogen News # 25
In this issue:
(1) Win a NEW Prius! (Story #1)
(2) Download FREE Clean Energy software. (Story #2)
(3) Learn the secrets of H2SO4 electrolysis. (My story)
(4) Bid on a complete waste to energy system from Dove Auctions (Story #41)
(5) Help raise venture capital for your product or your favorite green energy company. (Story #42)
(6) A progress update from Stef Kling (I interviewed him in previous edition). (Story # 43)
(7) An automotive supplier, is seeking proposals for fuel reformers for integration in on-board vehicle applications. (Story #44)
-------------Notice------ ------------------------- ------------------------- ----------------
The Hydrogen News is a free publication but if anyone would like to
slip a couple of bucks my way to help with buying equipment to
further my research I would appreciate it. I now have a Pay-Pal
"Donate" button on my blog and my website for this purpose.
Blog: http:enki.tblog.com
Website: http://www.geocities.com/mj_1...
------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------- -------------------
Understanding The H2SO4 Electrolysis Reaction
By Mike Johnston
Copyright 2004
In the last issue of The Hydrogen News (#24) I reproduced an email dialogue between myself and the Editor of a hydrogen energy magazine. In it I offered to write an article for his magazine. His reply was a bit highbrow and slightly dismissive (in my opinion). In response I explained to him two very simple ways to produce "free" hydrogen (there are more). To date he has not written back to either congratulate or condemn me. You get used to it after a while (sigh).
To further illustrate what I mean let me describe a second conversation from that same time period. In that one I had initiated an email dialogue with a credentialed scientist who works in the hydrogen energy field. I contacted him and offered to share data because I wanted to explore the credentialed scientist audience. I like to get an idea of the kind of reception I am going to get and that seems like a good way to do it. In this case, the exchange was pretty instructive. After said scientist had read some of my ideas he wrote back and essentially said the following; " I used to be like you in my younger days but after a while you realize that the only way to get ahead is to do research that fits within the 'accepted' paradigm of the establishment. Keep up the good work."
I am beginning to think that there are certain areas of research that you just don't do. I mean, you can do it if you want but if you do you won't get published or get any funding and so why bother. The money people have established a course for our race to follow which benefits them financially and they aren't going to willingly participate in the research and development of alternative technologies that have the potential to compete directly with their big money maker which is transportation fuels. Unless of course such research has weapons potential. In that case though your research will never see the light of day either. That is why they will participate in solar or wind power development ( they don't see them as a threat anymore) but not so much in alternative energy for vehicles or even in fuel saving technologies until they are forced to and even then they go kicking and screaming all the way. I know that sounds a bit like a "conspiracy theory" but like it or not that is just the way it is. Look at hydrocarbon reformers as one related example. As I outlined in a previous H2 News the process uses two substances; water and a hydrocarbon. The hydrocarbon is what we think of as the "fuel" or "energy source" in most situations but if you combine that fuel with water (under the right conditions) you end up with up to 50% more hydrogen fuel than you would have had if using just the hydrocarbon. Where does this "extra" hydrogen fuel come from? From the only source present; the water. Suddenly we have to look at water in different terms. Aparrently I was right about reformers being the ideal bridge technology between the hydrocarbon and hydrogen economies as the auto makers are now soliciting for designs to produce (see related story this issue).
But enough of that, this week I want to outline my ideas on improving the efficiency of the electrolysis reaction in a little more detail. I will focus on the electrolysis of water using H2SO4 as the electrolyte because I have done the experiment described and can vouch for the results of it. But don't forget there are like 100 different electrolytes which can be combined to form like 1000 or 10,000 (I forget which) different electrolytic compounds and the concept I describe can be tried with all of them. H2SO4, like NaOH is easily obtained and easy to work with for anyone who might want to do some experimenting of their own (with proper safety precautions). This line of reasoning stems directly from the concepts of "free" hydrogen production that I outlined in the last issue of this publication. I wanted to go into them in a little more detail though because I know that the concept of using H2 fuel to produce H2 fuel and actually being able to end up with more H2 being produced than was invested to cause the production just seems to fly against so many laws of physics (but it really doesn't). The data I present is in a somewhat "raw" form but I think that I can provide enough information so that anyone can understand the core concepts involved with enough clarity to be able to reproduce the effects experimentally for themselves and so verify the claims I make.
The production of H2 from water by electrolysis requires that a potential difference be created between the metal of the anode of the cell and the negative ion(s) present in the solution. This is to pull the "extra" electrons away from the negatively charged ion. At the cathode H2 is released by supplying "free" electrons to the positive ions present. If the positive ions are hydrogen ions (H+) then these ions exert an electrostatic attraction for these free electrons of +.44 volts. Every negative ion has a different oxidation potential or amount of energy required to pull the extra electrons away from it. This is basic chemistry. The fact that the electrolysis reaction starts at the anode and not the cathode of the cell is a concept that I advanced after observing the electrolysis reaction in cold electrolytic solutions. In such solutions the speed with which ions travel across the cell is reduced and it is easier to watch the stages of the reaction develop.
First off let's review the experiment that I did in which a 6 volt dry cell battery produced enough energy to power 6 H2SO4/H2O electrolysis cells (while the batteries themselves are also producing hydrogen at the same time). People cite various voltages (1.23v, 1.46v, etc.) as being the "minimum" voltage required to cause the electrolysis of water. In this case the voltage/voltage drop that was maintained between the electrodes of the electrolysis cells was an average of .93 volts per cell. This seems strange at first if you accept that the minimum voltage is -1.23 volts. But, as you will see, this is simply not the case in every situation. It is the expected result according to accepted scientific principles. You just aren't taught to look at it this way. Why not? I don't know, plug in any reason you want, the fact is you aren't taught it this way.
The electrolysis of water reaction looks like this:
2H2O ---- 2H2(g) + O2(g)
The individual reactions are like this:
Anode: 2H2O---- 2H+ + 2OH- + 2e-
Then 2OH- ----- 2H+ + O2(g) + 2e-
Cathode: 4H+ + 4e- ---- 2H2(g)
For example, 1.23 volts is the potential difference that must be maintained between the electrodes of a cell in order to electrolyze pure water. It is the amount of electrostatic charge which must be created between the metal of the anode and the negatively charged OH- ions in the water. It is the amount of electrostatic force with which the oxygen atom holds onto the hydrogen protons that make up the rest of the water molecule. Of course the number of water molecules which are actually disassociated (separated) into H+ and OH- ions is so small that water acts as an insulator making the electrolysis of pure water difficult at best. That is why regenerative fuel cells use platinum electrodes. Platinum is a catalyst which serves to speed up the rate at which the electrolysis reaction occurs in water and this enables worthwhile amounts of hydrogen to be produced from pure water without the addition of an electrolyte.
If, as in the case of pure water, there are two oppositely charged ions present in the electrolysis cell you can find the amount of energy that is either released by their interaction with each other or the amount of energy that is needed to cause the interaction to happen. As I said previously the amount of electrostatic force required to pull electrons away from the OH- ion is -1.23 volts. If you measure the potential difference between the plates of an H2/O2 fuel cell (no load) you will see that a potential difference of 1.23 volts exists and so confirms this voltage as being that necessary to cause the separation of electrons from the OH- ion (that being the other half of the combination reaction).
Once the extra electrons are pulled away from the OH- ion in such an electrolysis cell the electrons enter the metal portion of the electrolysis circuit. Once in the metal portion of the circuit the attractive force of the H+ ions at the cathode comes into play. This attractive force is +.43 volts. This is the reason that a fuel cell's voltage is measured at 1.23 volts no load and .8 volts under load. In the situation of the fuel cell the oxygen has enough attractive force to pull the electrons away from the hydrogen
( +1.23v -.43v = .8v ).
What about when there are more than two types of ions in the solution though? In the case of an electrolysis cell with sulfuric acid added there are three ions present H+ ions from the sulfuric acid and the water and OH- ions from the water and SO4-- ions from the sulfuric acid. If the concentration of sulfuric acid in the water is less than 30% the sulfuric is thought to be 100% disassociated into H+ and SO4-- ions. The water, remember, is no more disassociated in this situation than it was in it's pure state. Since disassociated ions are the vehicles which allow the transfer of electrical charge and the electrolysis process then it follows logic to assume that the ion species which is disassociated in the solution is the one which is actually being separated. So then, in the case of water with H2SO4 added it is the SO4-- ions which are being oxidized and the H+ ions which are being reduced.
Reactions Involved:
Oxidation: 2SO4-- --- 2SO3 + O2(g) + 4e-
Reduction: 4H+ + 4e- - 2H2(g)
E = .93 V
This is all well and good you say, but what happens when you run out of SO4-- ions to electrolyze? Either you have to add more SO4-- ions or perhaps something else is taking place. Let's look at the oxidation of SO4-- and see what happens. If we pull the extra electrons away from the SO4-- ion we also through this process cause the ion to give up one oxygen atom and are left with SO3. H2SO4 is produced by adding SO3 to pure H2SO4 since it doesn't mix with water very well (it tends to form a fog of H2SO4). The above reaction shows what is thought to happen. The electrolysis of H2SO4 can produce many byproducts like S2O4 etc. But the .93 volt level is maintained so the above reaction is enough to work with. To better illustrate my point though I want to look at a similar reaction which is simpler to understand.
In this example let's look at H2SO3 (Sulfurous Acid) If SO2 is mixed with water it dissolves to form H2SO3. It does this by grabbing onto and holding the oxygen atom of one water molecule. In other words it splits the water molecule for us into H+ and O-- ions (the O-- ion is attached to the sulfur atom) Since H2SO3 is 100% disassociated in water the H2O molecule must then be thought of as being totally disassociated by it's bonding to the SO2 molecule. So if we electrolyze the resulting H2SO3 it follows that once we pull one oxygen atom away from the SO3-- ion the resulting SO2 molecule will proceed to form H2SO3 again by combining with a nearby H2O molecule, forming H2SO3 again and releasing the hydrogen ions that are held by the water molecule in the process. So it is the SO2 molecule that is splitting the water for us and all we are left with is splitting the SO3-- ion which requires less energy than splitting the water alone does. Why is this? The Sulfur atom has 6 electrons in it's 3rd shell (valence shell) and it is this shell to which other atoms bond. Oxygen has 6 electrons in it's 2nd shell (valence) and hydrogen has one electron in it's first (only) shell. To move electrons from one shell to another releases energy as is seen when oxygen combines with hydrogen. Different elements create bonds of different energy levels with each other. The bond between oxygen and sulfur will be of a different energy than the bond between oxygen and hydrogen on hydrogen and sulfur and require different amounts of energy to break.
The oxidation potential of the reaction SO2 + H2O --- H2SO3 [2H+ + SO3--] is .11 volt. The SO2 has been dissolved in water and has grabbed hold of the oxygen atom in a water molecule to create SO3-- and two H+ ions. The H+ ions are transferred to nearby water molecules to form H3O molecules because the oxygen atom that they were sticking to now has less of a hold on them as it has to expend some of it's electrostatic charge in holding onto the sulfur atom as well. This is very important in the reactions that are possible and the energy that is involved in each. The energy of the next step in the overall reaction; H+ + 2e- = H2(g), is listed at 0 volts but as I said the H+ ion actually has a .44 volt attraction for electrons. The importance of this will be shown later in this paper. Since the oxidation potential for the SO2 + H2O --- H2SO3 reaction is .11 volts then it follows that the reverse of that reaction would be 2SO3 -- 2SO2 + O2(g) + 2e- and that separation should require -.11 volts of electrostatic force to achieve. I haven't gotten to this level yet but will be attempting more experiments along this line soon.
Why is the reduction of the voltage necessary to achieve electrolysis important though? Because the less voltage that has to be created/supplied in order to achieve the production of H2 the less overall energy that is used.One interesting thing to consider here is the reactions involved when we have multiple cells in series. In that case the electrode that serves as the anode of the first cell is the cathode of the next cell and so on. Kind of like this ---I H+ H2O H2O H2O SO3-- I H+ H2O H2O H2O SO3-- I--- where the I's represent the electrodes and the ions are shown between them with the negative ions at the anode and the positive ions at the cathode where they have been drawn by the electrostatic field through the cell and the charge on the electrodes and chains of water molecules link the two. If you look at the center electrode which separates the two cells diagramed you see SO3-- ions on one side of the electrode and H+ ions on the other side. In this case looking at the electrostatic charges of both of these ions we see SO3-- at -.11 volts and H+ at +.44 volts. In that situation the H+ ions should have enough electrostatic attraction to pull the extra electrons away from the SO3-- ions without any outside energy. But the electrostatic force/field that is required to get the oppositely charged ions to the opposing electrodes must still be provided.
Is it really possible to create a situation in which we can separate water molecules and release H2 gas while actually not having to supply energy other than that required to align the ions in the solution or to actually GAIN energy through the process? It does make for an interesting possibility doesn't it? How about if we run the reaction a different way just to see what happens:
Oxidation (Anode) Half Reaction:
SO3-- + 2 OH- ----- SO4- + H2O + 2e-
E= +.93 volts
Reduction (Cathode) Half Reaction:
2H2O + 2e- ---- H2(g) + 2OH-
E= -.8277 volts
Overall Cell Voltage: E=+ 0.1023 Volts.
This reaction will proceed spontaneously with a 0.1023 volt GAIN in energy as well as releasing H2 fuel as a byproduct of the reaction. Notice there is no O2 being produced here though. Also the SO3 is being turned into SO4 rather than SO2 but it illustrates the point. But what to do with the SO4? Maybe there is a reaction involving SO4 which could also happen at the power level involved here? Since sulfuric acid only disassociates one proton (hydrogen ion) very willingly perhaps this reaction would be more accurate:
Oxidation (Anode) Half Reaction:
2H2SO4- + 4H2O ----- 4H2SO3 + 2H+ + 4e-
E= +0.056 volts
Reduction (Cathode) Half Reaction:
2H+ + 2e- ----- 2H2(g)
E= 0 volts
Overall Cell Voltage: +0.056 volts
Or how about we write up what would be the "preferred" reaction? That would consist of several steps. The first step would be to add SO2 to water which would give us H2SO3.
(1) Initial Reaction: 2SO2 + 2H2O --- 2H2SO3 [4H+ + 2SO3-- ]
(2) Anode Reaction: 2SO3-- --- 2SO2 + O2(g) + 4e-
(3) Cathode Reaction: 4H+ + 4e- --- 2H2(g)
(4) Repeat step #1 (spontaneous)
(Note) The ideal anode reaction may be seen as the production of SO2(g) which is then dissolved into the water in the cell again to form H2SO3.
Even though all of these steps are taking place the ionic components of the reaction that are present at the beginning of electrolysis ( H+ and SO3-- ) are also present at the end of the reaction and so water is the only thing in the cell that is being consumed. For those reasons the "correct" way to write the above reaction would be:
2H2O --- 2H2(g) + O2(g) The electrolysis of water. But obviously this is not the same as the electrolysis of pure water, it is the shorthand notation for a whole different set of reactions which end up producing the same products. Misunderstanding this is the main reason why many people believe that the voltage requirement for the electrolysis of water is the same no matter what electrolyte is used but it also shows why those people are wrong.
At any rate, an electrochemist turned high school teacher/farmer wrote me a note a while back and claimed he had the reaction down to .11 volts per cell. Was that true? I don't know, I haven't gotten it that low yet. The trick is to limit the voltage available to the cell in order to force the reactions to happen that you want to have happen. If, for example, you use 3 electrolysis cells with a 6 volt power source (assume a 1 amp current in these examples) the voltage drop across each cell will be 2 volts (2 watts of power used). If there are ions within the cell which can transport charge at that power level then electrolysis will occur at that power level. If you power 6 electrolysis cells with a 6 volt power source the available voltage in each cell will be around 1 volt ( one watt used). If there are ions present which will transport a charge at that power level electrolysis will occur. If you power 54 electrolysis cells with a 6 volt source the voltage across each cell will be around .11 volts (.11 watt used). If there are ions in the cells which can transport charge at that power level then electrolysis will occur. The trick is to be electrolyzing the ions which are formed when an electrolyte is added to water which splits the water molecule to form it's resulting ions and not the water molecules themselves or the OH- ion which is "half" of a water molecule (as is formed when sodium is added to water). That way the only thing used up in the reaction is the water.
What is this worth though in terms of hydrogen produced? If we take the numbers of cells above and assign some random numbers we can get an idea. Lets assume that in each case above the cells are passing a current of one amp through the series of cells. To find the amount of H2 being produced in each setup we will use Faraday's formula: M=.0000105 x a x t ("t" will equal one second in the following examples and "a" one amp):
With 3 cells that is 0.0000105 gm/sec per cell or .0000315 gm/sec total or .00189 gm/min or .1134 gm/hr
With 6 cells that is 0.0000105 gm/sec per cell or .000063 gm/sec total or .00378 gm/min or .2268 gm/hr
With 54 cells that is 0.0000105 gm/sec per cell or .000567 gm/sec total or .03402 gm/min or 2.0412 gm/hr
Quite a difference, isn't there? That is with only one electrolyte in just a few of it's possible reactions, remember that there are many more.
I realize that this is pretty fundamental stuff but I think that it will be hard to make any meaningful progress in the development of the hydrogen economy until we break down and include these fundamentals within our conceptual framework. In the next several issues I plan to detour away from the basics and look at some larger scale production possibilities.It took me quite a while to write this piece and it is still not exactly the way I want it. I apologize for that but will have to hope that it does someone some good and that all of the useful news and other links in this edition will make up for the incomplete nature of this story. In closing and to further illustrate this concept I would like to refer to two scientific papers. The first is from NASA and deals with the electrolysis of Methanol (remember that Methanol can be produced from water and Carbon). The cathode product of this electrolysis is H2(g) and the anode is CO2(g). The voltage required to carry out this electrolysis is theoretically .2 volts but in practice is .3 volts. This of course means that a single hydrogen fuel cell could power two or three of these electrolysis cells and produce enough H2 fuel for it's own requirements plus an equal amount of surplus H2 fuel. This is a real world validation of my claim that you can use hydrogen fuel to produce hydrogen fuel and it SHOULD shake up the whole hydrogen community. We'll see. You can find the paper which describes this process as a .pdf document by doing a google search on it's title and Authors:
MAKING HYDROGEN BY ELECTROLYSIS OF METHANOL
By: Barbara Jeffries-Nakamura
Sekharipuram R Narayanan
Thomas I Valdez
William Chun
The chemical reactions involved look like this: "An aqueous solution of methanol is circulated past the anode, where methanol and water undergo the reaction
CH3OH + H2O -- CO2 + 6H+ + 6e- The hydrogen ions pass through the membrane to the cathode, where they are reduced to hydrogen molecules in the reaction
6H+ + 6e- -- 3H2 Thus, the net reaction in the cell is CH3OH -- CO2 + 3H2 with carbon dioxide liberated on the anode side and hydrogen liberated on the
cathode side."
The next paper is a more mechanical approach to reducing cell voltage:
Intensification of Water Electrolysis in a Centrifugal Field
H. Cheng, K. Scott,*,z and C. Ramshaw
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 149 ~11! D172-D177 ~2002!
0013-4651/2002/149~11!/D1 72/6/$7.00 © The Electrochemical Society, Inc.
"The intensification of the production of hydrogen and oxygen, i.e., water electrolysis, was achieved in a centrifugal acceleration field. This was demonstrated by measuring the cell voltage and the electrode potentials for cells operated with and without centrifugal fields, as a function of current density. Under industrial electrolysis conditions, greater reductions in cell voltage and in electrode potentials were achieved at a relative acceleration rate of 190 G compared to those in stationary conditions. The
relationships between the cell performance and relative acceleration rate, applied G value, for different anode materials, temperature, and NaCl concentration are reported. The data is obtained in acid, neutral, and highly alkaline electrolyte solutions using linear sweep voltammetry, galvanostatic, and potentiostatic polarization techniques. A cell voltage reduction of up to 700 mV, an anode potential reduction of up to 500 mV, and a cathode potential reduction of up to 350 mV at 3 kA m22 are achieved at a
relative acceleration rate of 190 G and 80°C, compared to those in stationary conditions. The saving in cell voltage, and thus energy consumption, are significantly larger than the small amount of energy required to rotate the cells."
END
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Hydrogen News Links:
(1) WIN A 1995 PRIUS!
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(Hey guys, this looks like fun. It is free to enter and requires only a bit of creativity on your part.ED.)
(2) Clean Energy Project Analysis (Free software)
The Government of Canada's RETScreen International Clean Energy Project Analysis Software is a unique decision support tool developed with the contribution of
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( Free food, free beer, free software...its a man thing. ED)
(3) Clinton says clean-energy backers should quit whining and get to work
http://grist.org/cgi-bin/forw...
At a symposium at New York University, Clinton chided supporters of renewable energy for "bellyaching and whining" about political barriers, arguing that "it's time to
stop worrying about whether the current administration will change its mind" on renewable energy and get to work building a movement that does not rely on Bush's
support.
( Whining?! Humph! MJ, for one, does NOT whine. Bitches a lot perhaps but no whining. ED.)
(4) On the Wings of a Beetle: ~60+ mpg
http://www.greencarcongress.c...
The story is further evidence that there are numerous different and incremental approaches to reducing fuel consumption that, when aggregated in a vehicle, can provide
substantive benefit. I’d say a 12% increase is pretty good. Not everyone can design and install their own drag reducer. But low rolling-resistance tires are definitely an
option.
( 'gonna fly like a Beetle, to the sea, fly like a Beetle, let my spirit carry me......hehehe ED.)
(5) 'GREEN' startups draw investors
http://www.sacbee.com/content...
( I wonder if there is a place for garage researchers in this economic boom? Hey, it worked for Nirvana. Maybe "Grunge Science" will catch on? Mental Note: Do NOT
marry Courtney Love. ED.)
(6) Thank CEO Bill Ford for first step with hybrids, urge him to do more
TAKE ACTION! Two clicks to send a note to Bill Ford, Ford Motor Company's CEO - http://www.newdream.org/make/...
When shopping for a car, which do you think is more patriotic?
A) An inefficient guzzler "Made in the USA."
B) An efficient foreign car that lessens our dependence on oil and therefore benefits the U.S. economy, environment, and security.
C) Neither. If consumers want to "buy American," then American automakers should do their part and make efficient vehicles that don't require a lot of gas!
At least one person in Detroit says he wants to "pick C." The current issue of Newsweek describes how CEO Bill Ford stood up to hybrid skeptics within his company
and ushered the Escape to market. Ford Motor Company thus became the first and only U.S. automaker to integrate advanced hybrid technology into their automotive
fleet.
( I love sending these pre-prepared notes to the movers and shakers of the world. :-) Sometimes they send me pre-prepared responses to them. ED.)
********************Donat ions to a good cause?******************* ************************* ************************* **
The holiday season is here, and we have much to celebrate. In 2004, with your help, the Apollo Alliance accomplished great things.
Together, we
· shaped the message of the presidential campaign,
· fought back a dangerous energy plan,
· worked in 25 states to strengthen our coalition,
· enlisted our nation's governors in the fight for clean energy,
· and we released a landmark study demonstrating that freeing ourselves from dependence on oil and reducing pollution can be a major source of jobs and growth.
Yet we must continue to plan for serious challenges in the coming year.
Please consider supporting the Apollo Alliance: http://action.apolloalliance....
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(7) Ten Percent of Bird Species to Disappear, Study Concludes
http://www.enn.com/today.html...
Ten percent of all bird species are set to disappear by the end of this century -- and with them the services they provide such as cleaning up carcasses and spreading
seeds, U.S. researchers said Monday.
( That sucks. Who gave us the right? Huh? I mean really. I LIKE birds and animals. Even repugnant, slimy, dangerous animals (ok, no mother in law jokes). Who will
clean up the carcasses without them? Oh, never mind, we still have plenty of Lawyers to take care of the carcasses and as long as the average human male exists
"seed spreading" shouldn't be too big of a problem.. ED.)
(8) From Tobacco to Soy for Biodiesel
http://www.greencarcongress.c...
Repurposing tobacco farms to soy for biodiesel seems like a good idea. The Southeast is pretty wide open—apparently the only current major producer is in Florida.
(9) Rail in line for new age of 'steam'
http://observer.guardian.co.u...,6903,1371992,00.html
Engineers have seen the future of rail - and it's the 'steam' train. With infrastructure costs crippling the industry, oil prices higher than ever and cars overtaking trains in
cutting pollution, experts are looking at a new way of running railways.
( Boy, "back to the future", eh? Could be a good use for my H2 Boiler and/or Boiling Cell technologies. I will have to look into this. ED.)
(10) WAL-MART to give hydrogen fuel cells a lift
http://www.fuelcellsworks.com...
The logistics subsidiary of Wal-Mart Stores Inc will participate in its next set of field trials designed to test Cellex's hydrogen fuel cell products.
( Wal-Mart? I suppose that is good...somehow. ED.)
(11) Fuel Cells in the Deep Freeze
http://www.nytimes.com/2004/1...
Until recently, the cold-weather performance of fuel cells was a work in progress. But now carmakers are testing hydrogen cars in states where winters can be hard.
(12) AEC Hires Experchem Laboratories Inc. for Independent Laboratory Testing
http://biz.yahoo.com/bw/04112...
Today, Alternate Energy Corp. announced it has hired Experchem Laboratories Inc., a local, government-accredited laboratory to conduct specific third party testing of
its hydrogen production technology.
(13) Booming China Awash in "Out Of Control" Acid Rain
http://www.planetark.com/dail...
( Is that a surprise? So were we at the height of our Industrial Revolution when the Robber Baron's owned our souls. ED.)
(14) Dow and GM Launch Phase II of World's Largest Industrial Fuel Cell Program
http://www.theautochannel.com...
The Dow Chemical Company and General Motors Corp., today launched the second phase of their joint project to prove the viability of hydrogen fuel cells for motor
vehicles and possibly for distributed power generation.
(15) Breaking In Is Hard To Do
http://www.greencarcongress.c...
Still, transportation is a very tempting market, especially if the AEC technology can actually produce the hydrogen in sufficient volume. In June, AEC announced that it,
in partnership with Feel Good Cars (another startup), would produced a serial hybrid version of Feel Good’s electric neighborhood car using a hydrogen-fueled internal
combustion engine as the generator with an on-board AEC system providing the hydrogen.
( More on AEC: the company, from story# 12 [above] Another car that produces it's own fuel on the fly? My, my, my. Have to look into this one. ED.)
(16) HYDROGEN Generated by Antarctic Winds
http://www.renewableenergyacc...
Antarctic Winds are now harnessed by wind turbines that supply remote power to an Australian research facility, which is developing methods for on-site hydrogen
production.
( They could also use an antenna and some electronics and not have to depend on the wind. Ooops, better not say too much about that just yet...Ed.)
(17) STARTECH Environmental's Plasma Converter System
http://www.mysan.de/internati...
This clean synthesis gas mixture rich in hydrogen can be used to make electricity, produce fresh water, heat and cool buildings and power vehicles.
(18) Software company Hyperion offers employees money for fuel-efficient cars
http://grist.org/cgi-bin/forw...
California software company Hyperion is getting quite a bit of positive press for offering its employees $5,000 toward the purchase of a fuel-efficient car, and we're happy
to jump on the bandwagon.
(19) Honda ranked as greenest automaker
http://grist.org/cgi-bin/forw...
Of the six largest automakers selling vehicles in the U.S., Honda is the greenest, according to a new report from the Union of Concerned Scientists.
(20) Europe and Japan in heated clash over fusion reactor
http://www.guardian.co.uk/ren...,2763,1372010,00.html
A battle has broken out over plans to build a reactor that could harness 'fusion power' for humanity.
( This is fusion the hard way. More attention should be paid to low energy fusion reactions. But that would enable very small reactors...Ed.)
(21) H2 Fuel Systems Firm Acquires Design and Assembly Company
http://www.greencarcongress.c...
If this works, (as in, viable company, good products, growing revenue) it will give the development of hydrogen ICE and fuel cell vehicles a boost. It won’t hurt to have
another strong designer and low-volume assembler focused on alternative platforms.
(22) Plants May Point Way to Clean Hydrogen Fuel
http://www.sciam.com/article....
Plants have a skill that scientists envy: the ability to split water into hydrogen and oxygen through photosynthesis. Performing this task on an industrial scale could
open up a novel avenue to producing clean hydrogen fuel.
( If this can involve hemp in any way I see a surge in the number of people doing hydrogen research in the well lighted basements and closets of America. ED.)
(23) Sulphur Fumes Impair Memory, Snail Study Suggests
http://www.sciam.com/article....
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is notorious for its odor of rotten eggs. New research indicates that the chemical could have a more insidious side, however.
( I'm sorry, this isn't really relevent but I couldn't help including it. This is real science: smelling farts makes you stupid. hehehehehehe Oh the mental pictures that
tidbit of knowledge conjures up! hehehehehe ED.)
(24) Chinese Conglomerate to Acquire Montana-based Biofuels Firm
http://www.greencarcongress.c...
YaSheng Group, a Chinese $1.5 billion hi-tech agriculture, salt chemistry and biotech conglomerate, has signed a letter of intent to acquire 80% of Montana-based
biofuels firm Sustainable Systems, LLC. Sustainable will become a division of YaSheng and continue its focus on developing biorefineries and continue to research,
develop and commercialize bio-based fuels, lubricants, specialty chemicals and other bio-based products.
( The Japanese and the Saudi's already own half of the US. I guess China gets the other half. ED.)
(25) Tokyo Uni Develops New Pure Hydrogen Making Procedure
http://au.news.yahoo.com/0412...
A new technology that produces pure hydrogen for fuel cells at a lower cost than the conventional method has been developed by a research group headed by the
Tokyo Institute of Technology's Professor Kiyoshi Otsuka. The pure hydrogen can be produced out of organic materials such as wood chips and wastepaper, which will
likely cut down on waste disposal.
( Wood gas? Not exactly new, is it? Perhaps their production unit is new. ED.)
(26) Calpine, GE Plan Advanced Gas-Fired Power Plant
http://www.planetark.com/dail...
(27) ic Wales - Hydrogen - the gas of tomorrow
http://icwales.icnetwork.co.u...
WALES has an historic opportunity to regain its reputation as one of the world's great natural energy powerhouses, experts claimed yesterday. A team of researchers
at the University of Glamorgan have spent two years researching the potential of hydrogen to transform the Welsh economy.
(28) Vancouver's NRC Institute for Fuel Cell Innovation Showcases Renewable Hydrogen Generation System
http://www.bctechnology.com/s...
Researchers at the National Research Council Institute for Fuel Cell Innovation (NRC-IFCI) today unveiled a solar powered hydrogen generation system.
( Now couple that with a fuel cell stack to power your home and an H2 fueled car and you have achieved true freedom from your lifelong energy debt. ED.)
(29) Hydrogen, the new fuel Zen?
http://timesofindia.indiatime...
At one-third the cost of petrol, easy-to-make and low-pollution hydrogen fuel could soon be Delhi's driving and cooking force.
(30) India's Oil Reserves May Last Only Until 2016
http://www.greencarcongress.c...
At the current rate of production, India’s discovered oil reserves are expected to last only until 2016 if no new discovery is made, according to Petroleum Minister Mani
Shankar Aiyar.
(31) Hydrogen-fuel car crafted in Korea
http://joongangdaily.joins.co...
(32) India ; Research on to develop hydrogen, fuel cell technology
http://www.keralanext.com/new...
(33) Pumped up on biodiesel
http://www.montereyherald.com...
While Gov. Schwarzenegger pursues plans for space-age hydrogen fueling stations along state freeways, a growing number of Monterey drivers are taking a more low-
tech route to alternative energy vehicles. They're buying diesel-engine cars and filling the tanks with biodiesel made from vegetable oil.
( Arnold is the most high profile person advocating H2 energy and yet everybody rags on him. People are hard to understand. ED.)
(34) The Energy Challenge 2004 - Hydrogen
http://www.energycentral.com/...
(35) Renewable Energy - The Next Opportunity for Silicon Valley
http://www.oreillynet.com/lpt...
There are striking parallels between the renewable energy industry today and the personal computing... O'Reilly Network
( I said this too a while back. Now if I could just make some frigging money out of it all I might be a genius. Hasn't happened yet though. ED)
(36) Dimethyl Ether Buses in Shanghai
http://www.greencarcongress.c...
DME is a clean-burning (completely sootless) synthetic fuel that can substitute for conventional diesel, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or be reformed into hydrogen for
fuel cells. As a diesel fuel replacement it reduces NOx emissions 90% and features high cetane.
(37) Farmers switching to solar energy
http://www.signonsandiego.com...
It must give off quite a glare from overhead. "This sunshine is creating money if you just use it,"...
( Convert 1000 acres into solar panels and start a mushroom/earthworm farm under the panels. Hey, there's a concept! ED.)
(38) Venture capitalists start investing in clean technology companies
http://www.duluthsuperior.com...
Local companies that have pulled in money during the past year include WindLogics,...
( Yo, fellas, here I am...over here...hey!....Shit, they never notice me. I'm the cheerleader's ugly sister at the dance. (metaphorically) ED.)
(39) Bugs ravage North American forests
http://www.newscientist.com/n...
Insects whose populations are booming because of local warming - possibly due to global warming -... New Scientist
( Great, Fear Factor comes to your neighborhood. ED.)
(40) Japan, China, S. Korea Agree to Cooperate in Fighting Global Warming
http://www.inform.kz/showarti...
( And Russia, and Europe and Africa. Everybody but the US. Is there something wrong with this picture? ED.)
(41) Waste Management Auction of a Complete Waste-to-Energy Facility
http://www.emaildirectsite.co...:80/CT00306203MzUwMAAA.HTML
DoveBid, Inc., a global provider of capital asset auction and valuation services, will be conducting an Online auction of a Complete Waste-to-Energy
Facility featuring, Turbine Generator, Auxiliary Burners, Power Distribution, Material Handling & Support Equipment. Assets are no longer required by
WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC. Place your bids from the comfort of your computer.
Download a color brochure! : http://www.emaildirectsite.co...:80/CT00306205MzUwMAAA.HTML
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* Ansaldo Turbine Generator
* PQS Smart Switch Advanced Static VAR Compensation System
* Detroit Stoker Auxiliary Burners
* Power Switchboard
* Power Switchgear
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* And much more!
(42) Call for Companies to Present to our Investor Audience at Cleantech Venture Forum VI
http://www.cleantechventure.c...
For more information on the event before applying, please visit our website. If you would like to nominate a Clean technology, product, or service company:
Send an email to Lauren@cleantechventure.com, or phone her directly at (517) 223-9612. Please include the company name and contact information.
( AHEM!....nudge, nudge..ED.)
(43) December 2004 - Water Car project update
http://www.earth2012.org
More press coverage in November: the BBC Top Gear program featured an article on their website and the Scottish Evening Times published an article as well. You
can find both articles in our "in the press" section on our website. We also had press coverage in Brazil and Turkey. This publicity has helped to raise the number of
visitors to our website to more than 9000, but donations hardly increased.
It was always clear that in order to fund the project with donations we would need a well known partner to increase the credibility and widen our audience. Although we
have been making progress in this area we are still some time away from signing an agreement. The organisation we are talking to needs solid proof before they can
commit their name to this project, but here we are getting into a catch 22 situation as we need funding to deliver that proof. We are now considering what is the best
way forward, and may consider setting up an investment construction. More news on this in the new year.
(I would encourage anyone who is considering making a contribution to this effort or who is thinking about doing a news story on it to first read my interview with Mr.
Kling in the H2 News archives. ED.)
(44) Hydrocarbon Fuel Reformers for CPOx and Endothermic Applications -
http://postsnet.com/r.html?c=...%3a%2f%2fwww%2eninesigma% 2ecom%2fmx%2f50077%2d1%2f rfp%2ehtml&g=0&f=85721711
An automotive supplier, is seeking proposals for fuel reformers for integration in on-board vehicle applications. Both catalytic partial oxidation (CPOx) and endothermic
reformer designs are of interest for a variety of applications. For more information click the above link.
( Told ya so. ED.)
Notice: For information on advertising rates or to make suggestions email me at: enki@chilitech.net All original material in this newsletter is assumed to be
copyrighted by the source from which it originates. My stories are also copyrighted from the date they are published. They may be reproduced and/or quoted freely
as long as I am credited as the writer.
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